Operation Garbo Read online

  Contents

  Title Page

  GARBO’s Network of National Subagents

  Acknowledgements

  Introduction

  1. Childhood

  2. Barcelona

  3. Civil War

  4. Madrid

  5. Lisbon

  6. Gibraltar

  7. London

  8. GARBO’s Network

  9. Operation FORTITUDE

  10. Escape

  11. Victory

  Epilogue

  Appendix I

  Appendix II

  Index

  About the Authors

  Copyright

  GARBO’S NETWORK OF NATIONAL SUBAGENTS

  Acknowledgements

  This book could not have been completed without the kind assistance of the following, to whom we owe a debt of gratitude:

  Colonel Roger Hesketh, who gave generous access to his authoritative FORTITUDE, A History of Strategic Deception in North-Western Europe, April 1943 to May 1945. This important book, published in 1999 as FORTITUDE: The D-Day Deception Campaign, is an essential reference work for any student of wartime intelligence operations.

  Tony Tobella, who spent many hours with GARBO translating his experiences from Catalan and Castilian Spanish into English.

  Bill Risso-Gill, who allowed us to reproduce his father’s photograph and offered invaluable information concerning his father’s wartime activities as GARBO’s first British case officer.

  Major General P. R. Kay of the Ministry of Defence’s D Notice Committee, who gave us his guidance.

  Various former members of the wartime Security Service (MI5) and Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) who were directly concerned with GARBO’s case. For obvious reasons none can be publicly thanked for their contribution.

  Introduction

  Late in May 1984 a group of retired intelligence officers gathered in the drawing room of the Special Forces Club in London to be reunited with a spy reported dead in 1959. None was certain that the man they hoped to meet would really be the double agent they had known by his wartime code name, GARBO.

  GARBO’s extraordinary contribution to the Allied victory is well documented. There is hardly a textbook on the subject of strategic deception that fails to mention this remarkable individual. But no author has ever succeeded in penetrating the wall of secrecy that MI5, the British Security Service, constructed around their star performer. His true identity remained as closely guarded in 1984 as it was at the end of the war, when elaborate arrangements were made to protect him for the rest of his life.

  My own search for GARBO began in 1972 when I read Sir John Masterman’s account of MI5’s double agents, The Double Cross System in the War of 1939–1945 (Yale University Press, 1972), and I was impressed by his observation that GARBO had been ‘something of a genius’ and had displayed a ‘masterly skill’. Indeed, GARBO was the agent singled out for particular praise: ‘Connoisseurs of double-cross have always regarded the GARBO case as the most highly developed example of their art.’ Unfortunately, Masterman gave only minimal clues as to his true identity, so there was little opportunity to pursue the matter further.

  Nevertheless, I was intrigued by the Spaniard known only as GARBO. Why that choice of code name? What had become of him after the war?

  According to Sefton Delmer, the veteran journalist who recounted GARBO’s adventures in The Counterfeit Spy (Hutchinson, 1973), ‘he set up a prosperous public relations firm along with an import and export business’ in Angola. But ‘suddenly in 1959…’ GARBO ‘succumbed to another attack of malaria. And this time it killed him’. Or did it? Was it really likely that such an expert in self-preservation would die, ignominiously, running a small business in a corner of Portuguese Africa? I had my doubts, and whenever I tracked down a former wartime MI5 officer I always inquired about GARBO’s whereabouts. Unfortunately, GARBO’s principal MI5 case officer, Tomás Harris, had been killed in a car accident in Majorca in January 1964. His wife Hilda, who had also known GARBO well, had died soon afterwards. Sefton Delmer was also dead, and although his son, Felix, told me that he believed his father had discovered GARBO’s real name, he had evidently confided in no one. Nor had he committed it to paper. Even those officers who had spent most of the war supervising double agent operations knew GARBO only by his code name. The ‘need-to-know’ rule had worked perfectly. All had been aware of GARBO’s extraordinary achievements, but none seemed to know his real identity, or what had become of him. It was not until I interviewed Anthony Blunt, in May 1981, that I was at last put on the right track.

  Eighteen months earlier the distinguished art historian had been exposed publicly as a former Soviet spy and had been stripped of his knighthood. Apart from attending a short press conference, Blunt had avoided discussing his treachery with anyone. In April 1981, while putting the finishing touches to my history of the Security Service, I had written to him requesting an interview. Blunt had spent five years serving in MI5 during the war and I was anxious to hear his version of events. I knew that even before Blunt’s exposure he had always refused to talk about his work for the Security Service. His usual excuse had been his fear of the Official Secrets Act. But to my surprise, Blunt had agreed to meet me and invited me to his London flat. Apparently, some of his former colleagues in MI5 had urged him to see me. He imposed only one condition: that our meetings should remain secret until his death, as should certain items of information which he undertook to confide in me.

  I knew that Blunt had been a close friend of Tommy Harris and had known something of his collaboration with GARBO. That much was clear from an introduction he had written in 1975 to an exhibition of Harris’s art at the Courtauld Institute Galleries. Blunt, who had then recently retired as director of the Courtauld Institute, had offered a brief biography of Harris, and, in doing so, had mentioned his involvement with GARBO:

  At the outbreak of war Tomás joined the war office, where his intimate knowledge of Spain was of great value. His greatest achievement, however, was as one of the principal organisers of what has been described as the greatest double-cross operation of the war – ‘Operation GARBO’ – which seriously misled the Germans about the Allied plans for the invasion of France. … After the invasion of France one of the highest commanders said that the GARBO operation was worth an armoured division.

  I had a series of lengthy conversations with Blunt during which he recalled his war work and, without prompting, he told me of the single occasion he had dined with GARBO. The two men had been introduced by Tommy Harris in 1944, at Garibaldi’s Restaurant in Jermyn Street. Blunt still enjoyed a tremendous memory for detail. He even remembered that GARBO had been using the name Juan or Jose García. This was no great help as García is a very common name in Spain, but nevertheless I felt some progress had been made.

  My hunt for GARBO stalled temporarily, but only until March 1984 when I received a fascinating note from a retired British Secret Intelligence Service officer living abroad. He wrote to elaborate on an incident I had mentioned briefly in my history of MI5. I acknowledged his letter and, since I knew he had once served in a wartime counter-intelligence section dealing with Spanish matters, I included my customary query concerning GARBO.

  To my delight, the officer replied that he had actually met GARBO and knew his true name. He added that he had no idea whether GARBO was alive or dead, or where he might be located. Dropping everything, I flew to meet my contact and explained what Anthony Blunt had disclosed to me. My new informant told me that GARBO’s full name was Juan Pujol García and confirmed that he had only used his mother’s maiden name, García, while in England during the war. Unfortunately, he could shed little light on his possible whereabouts, but suggested Barcelona as a starting
point, because the Pujol García family had originated from the Catalan capital.

  The Barcelona telephone directory contains the names of literally hundreds of Pujol Garcías so, undaunted, I employed a local researcher, Jose Escoriza, to do some detective work for me. He and his family had given me invaluable assistance with my research in the past, and on this occasion he undertook to ring every number listed in the telephone book and ask two short elimination questions, concerning the age and the wartime occupation of every Juan Pujol García listed. Was he in his late sixties or early seventies, and had he spent some time in London during the war? A negative to either of these two queries would rule out the candidate. In case of a positive result, I had a longer list of supplementary questions. Had he known someone named Tommy Harris? Had he received a decoration from the British government? Did he recognise the code name GARBO? Answers to these questions would surely identify the right Juan Pujol García. After a week of repetitive calling no result had been achieved, and we had exhausted all the Pujol Garcías with the initial J. But, before going further, my resourceful helper made a significant comment: ‘Every time I call I ask the same question, and I usually get the same response,’ he explained. ‘But there was one exception. I spoke to one person, who I could tell was too young to be our target, who kept on asking me questions. After so many abortive conversations, this one stands out in my mind as being quite different, but I can’t explain how.’

  I asked Jose to trace his notes on this particular Pujol García and to talk to him again. On the second call the recipient behaved in a very suspicious manner. He demanded to know who was delving into the past, and why. Escoriza explained that he was trying to trace a wartime hero for a friend from England. This news went down well, and on the third approach the young Catalan confirmed that his uncle, Juan Pujol García, now in his early seventies, had indeed spent much of the war in London. Unfortunately, he had not seen his uncle for twenty years. And at that time he had been living somewhere in South America.

  To me, this was excellent news. It meant that if the uncle was truly GARBO, he had been seen alive some years after his officially reported demise. Further persuasion elicited the information from the nephew that Juan Pujol García had last been heard of in Venezuela, but there was no address or telephone number. I immediately engaged a television researcher based in Caracas to find GARBO and, ten days later, after a laborious search, he supplied me with a telephone number belonging to Pujol’s son. If I rang at a prearranged time I could speak to the elusive Juan Pujol García. This I did, and I asked the voice at the other end my series of prepared questions, the answers of which I believed would only have been known to GARBO. Juan Pujol García answered them all correctly and even volunteered some additional information. Certainly, he had spent much of the war in London … in Hendon. Yes, he had been a good friend of Tommy Harris and had known his three sisters, Violetta, Conchita and Enriqueta. Yes, he still possessed the medal awarded to him by the British government in 1944. So this was indeed GARBO, albeit several thousand miles away. Somewhat hesitantly, he agreed to meet me the following week. Our rendezvous was to be New Orleans. There, on Sunday 20 May 1984, I first met my quarry, the spy I had spent over a decade tracing. It was only a matter of days away from the fortieth anniversary of the D-Day landings, the invasion that GARBO had done so much to help.

  The rest of what transpired is now well known and was reported in dozens of newspapers around the world. Later in the month he flew to London to attend a private audience with HRH The Duke of Edinburgh at Buckingham Palace, and then went on to see some old comrades at the Special Forces Club. Among those present were Colonel T. A. Robertson, the MI5 officer who had been responsible for the Security Service’s wartime double agent operations; Colonel Roger Hesketh, the mastermind behind GARBO’s campaign of strategic deception; Cyril Mills, GARBO’s first MI5 case officer (whom he only knew as Mr Grey); and Desmond Bristow, a retired SIS man who had attended GARBO’s initial interrogation upon his arrival in England. On 6 June 1984, GARBO travelled to Normandy to tour the invasion beaches and pay his respects to those who gave their lives to free Europe from the Nazis. Both the reunion in London and the visit to France were profoundly emotional experiences. Wherever GARBO went he was thanked for his unique contribution and asked the same questions: Why did you do it? How did you manage it? What follows is the full story.

  GARBO has written chapters one to four, then I have explained the London end in chapter five; GARBO has then continued in chapters six and eleven and I have filled in the details in chapters seven, eight, nine, ten and the epilogue. Finally, in an appendix, Roger Hesketh has detailed the full significance of GARBO’s outstanding achievement.

  Nigel West

  1

  Childhood

  The history of the world is our image of the world, not the image of mankind.

  Oswald Spengler

  My first forty years were full of adventure and I have found it very interesting to put them down on paper, but I would like first to ask for the reader’s understanding and sympathy, for I am neither subtle nor learned. I agree with the Roman philosopher who said, ‘All I know is that I know nothing’; my aim is simply to tell the story of my life.

  I was born on 14 February 1912 in Barcelona, in the city which they call ‘the Unrivalled’. In those days Barcelona was still trying to recover from the bitter memories of the Setmana Tràgica, that Tragic Week in 1909 when radicals, socialists and anarchists collaborated in organising a strike during which churches, homes and convents were burnt and political agitators and demagogues incited the people to take to the streets, unleashing a week of rioting. Although the authorities soon restored order, unrest still lay close to the surface and, during my childhood, Barcelona was the scene of frequent street battles, strikes, attempts on people’s lives and revolutionary coups. Every morning, when my father left for work, he would say goodbye to us as if for the last time; each parting was heartrending.

  We lived in the first-floor flat at 70 Carrer Muntaner near the corner of Arago Street. At that time the Madrid-Saragossa-Alicante railway line ran in a deep cutting along Arago Street to Barcelona’s main station. I never tired of peering through the railings to watch the powerful steam engines hissing by with their endless wagons and carriages. My imagination would travel with them as they sped away to remote destinations to the echoing sound of a whistle. I dreamed of getting to know the world and am convinced that my passionate enthusiasm for travel stems from those years of living so close to the railway line. Later, as our social standing improved, we moved to grander houses, but I missed the trains which had so stimulated my fantasies about far-off countries and unknown lands.

  My mother was called Mercedes García. From the photographs I still have of her as a young woman, it is clear that she had been very good-looking. She came from Motril, a town in the southern province of Granada, and all her life she preserved the lilting yet elegant stride of an Andalusian. She kept her fine figure, and to see her walk down the street when she was nearing seventy and had snow-white hair, one would have taken her for forty.

  As her parents had brought her to Barcelona when she was only eight, she spoke Catalan without a trace of an accent and used it constantly at home, resorting to Castilian only when we had visitors. She loved all things Catalan: the songs, the music, the dances and the idiosyncrasies of the people. But although the atmosphere at home was so strongly Catalan, neither my parents nor anyone else felt the sting of separatism for we were first and foremost Spaniards.

  Sometimes my mother would tell us about her childhood in Motril, a town with seven sugar mills which lay in a beautiful, fertile valley covered in huge plantations of waving sugar cane. She would tell us about the town’s festivals, its home-made sweets, the famous torta real or royal pie, the delicious pan de aceite bread which substitutes oil for lard, the ring-shaped rolls and tropical fruits. Her parents were strict Catholics who received Holy Communion every day, a show of piety which their ne
ighbours considered to be excessively sanctimonious. My mother was, therefore, brought up in an austere atmosphere of considerable harshness. Her rigid attitudes remained with her even after her marriage, and she stayed an unyielding disciplinarian with a relentlessly Christian outlook to the end of her life.

  My father, Juan Pujol, was a Catalan through and through. His family came from Olot, a town near La Garrotxa in the province of Girona, but they later moved to Barcelona where my father was born and went to school. Goethe once said: ‘Talent is shaped in seclusion and character in the torrent of the world.’ My father had no chance of studying in seclusion, but his character was certainly shaped in the daily struggle to earn his keep. By dint of saving and working hard, he was able to set up his own little factory and eventually it became the most important dye-house in Barcelona, well known for the superb black it produced.

  My parents had four children. First came my brother Joaquin, a sturdy, straightforward character whose favourite hobbies were photography and stamp collecting. He was followed two years later by my sister Buenaventura, who still is, and always has been, a true second mother to me. I was born two years after her and then came my younger sister Elena. All of us followed Spanish custom and called ourselves by our Christian names, followed by our father’s surname of Pujol, followed by our mother’s surname of García. We were considered what they, in the beleaguered Barcelona of those days, called a well-to-do family. Far removed from the risk of poverty, we did not have to worry about our daily needs; we lacked nothing, not even the pleasures for which we would have yearned, had we not had them.

  My father deserves a very special mention; indeed he almost warrants a whole chapter to himself, for to write about him is to understand my subsequent actions. He was my progenitor, the head of the family; he saw to my everyday needs and to my moral upbringing, and he instilled in me, by instruction and advice, the attitudes and ideas, the very spirit that made me. Step by step, throughout my childhood and early youth, his precepts guided and taught me.